Neuroimmunology investigates the connections between the bodies immune system and nervous system. It is the study of roles in immune responses to maintaining normal brain function and how immune dysregulation can contribute to many neurological disorders.
Neuroinflammation
1. Definition
2. Where is comes from
3. Disorders associated with Neuroinflammation
Autoimmune Neurological Disorders
Multiple sclerosis
Neuromyelitis optica
Antibodies attack proteins that support the optic nerve and spinal cord, leading to blindness and paralysis. NMO is rare condition in which the immune system targets a person’s optic nerve and spinal chord. Without intervention, this damage leads to paralysis and blindness.
Autoimmune encephalitis
It involves inflammation and swelling of the brain, usually as a result of an underlying tumor. AE involves high levels of inflammation in the brain often due to the presence of a tumor. It causes rapid and often unexplained decline in physical and mental wellbeing.
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
Functions
The BBB is a tight-knit array of cells which protects the brain from circulating toxins and pathogens into the bloodstream. Secondly the BBB is still allowing vital nutrients to be delivered to the brain. Protecting the Central Nervous System (CNS)
BBB Dysfunction (Leaky Brain)
- Contributes to neuroinflammatory processes
- Increases the risk of neurodegenerative disorders
- Brain fog and difficulty concentrating are signs your BBB may not properly be functioning
- Can cause Multiple Sclerosis, stroke, epilepsy
Immune Regulation
- Immune cells regulate BBB permeability
- BBB breakdown can result in peripheral immune cell infiltration
- Regulated with interactions with vascular, immune, and neural cells
- Immune Cells cross through the blood brain barrier through pores within the endothelial cell body or the transcellular diapedesis
Neuroimmune Interactions in Neurodevelopment
Immune Mechanisms
Immune molecules and cells shape neuronal networks and synaptic plasticity during brain development.
Dysregulation
Immune dysregulation can contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia.
Brain Plasticity
Therapeutic Opportunities
Immunomodulatory therapies are being developed to treat neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
Neuroimmunotherapy
1. Immunomodulatory drugs
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2. Monoclonal antibodies
These are antibodies designed to target specific immune cells or molecules involved in neuroinflammatory processes. Examples include natalizumab and rituximab.
3. Cell-based therapies
These involve the use of stem cells or immune cells to modulate immune responses and promote tissue repair. These therapies are being studied for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders.
The Future of Neuroimmunology
Advancements in neuroimmunology offer new hope for the treatment and prevention of neurological disorders. The development of targeted immunotherapies and a deeper understanding of immune regulation and neuroinflammatory processes will usher in a new era of personalized medicine with improved outcomes for patients.
Conclusion
1. Key Areas of Study
2. Future Directions
3. The Promise of Neuroimmunology
Improved outcomes and quality of life for patients with neurological disorders.
